Baby Orangutan What Is Another Name for Baby Orangutans?

Species of ape

Bornean orangutan
Male person
Female with infant both at Münster Zoo
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[i]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[ane]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Social club:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hominidae
Genus:	Pongo
Species:	P. pygmaeus
Binomial proper noun
Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1760)
Subspecies
P. p. morio P. p. pygmaeus P. p. wurmbii
Distribution of Pongo pygmaeus in Borneo
Synonyms
P. agris (Schreber, 1799) P. batangtuensis (Selenka, 1896) P. borneensis Röhrer-Ertl, 1983 P. kalimantan (Lacépède, 1799) P. brookei (Blyth, 1853) P. curtus (Blyth, 1855) P. dadappensis (Selenka, 1896) P. genepaiensis (Selenka, 1896) P. landakkensis (Selenka, 1896) P. morio (Owen, 1837) P. owenii (Blyth, 1853) P. rantaiensis (Selenka, 1896) P. rufus (Lesson, 1840) P. satyrus (Linnaeus, 1766) [in role] P. skalauensis (Selenka, 1896)> P. sumatranus (Mayer, 1856) P. tuakensis (Selenka, 1896) P. wallichii (Grayness, 1871) P. wurmbii (Tiedemann, 1808)

The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan owned to the island of Kalimantan. Together with the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. Like the other corking apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool utilise and singled-out cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their Dna with humans.^[ii]

The Bornean orangutan is a Critically Endangered species, with deforestation, palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its connected existence.

Taxonomy [edit]

The Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan diverged about 400,000 years ago,^[iii] with a continued low level of factor flow between them since and so.^[three] The two orangutan species were considered merely subspecies until 1996; they were elevated to species post-obit sequencing of their mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid.

The Bornean orangutan has iii subspecies:^[1]

• Northwest Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus – Sarawak (Malaysia) and northern West Kalimantan (Indonesia).
• Cardinal Bornean orangutan P. p. wurmbii – Southern West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan (Indonesia).
• Northeast Bornean orangutan P. p. morio – Due east Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Sabah (Malaysia).

There is some uncertainty about this, nonetheless. The population currently listed every bit P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii) than to the Bornean orangutan. If this is confirmed, P. abelii would exist a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808).^[4] In improver, the blazon locality of P. pygmaeus has not been established across doubt; information technology may be from the population currently listed as P. wurmbii (in which case P. wurmbii would be a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus would accept precedence for the taxon in Sarawak and northern West Borneo).^[4] Bradon-Jones et al. considered P. morio to be a synonym of P. pygmaeus, and the population institute in East Kalimantan and Sabah to be a potentially unnamed separate taxon.^[4]

In early Oct 2014, researchers from domestic and foreign countries found about 50 orangutans in several groups in Southward Kalimantan Province, although previously in that location is no record that the province has orangutans.^[5]

Every bit a fellow member of the family Hominidae, Bornean orangutans are one of the closest extant relatives to Man sapiens.

This species was originally discovered by native Malaysians. There are several mentions of orangutans in Malaysian folklore. Yet, this species was originally named and described by the notable zoologist Carl Linneus in 1799. Its original name was Simia satyrus, significant "satyr monkey", but was changed when scientists discovered that not all orangutans are one species. The holotype of this organism is located in the British Museum in London.^[six]

The current species name P. pygmaeus is not Latin unlike near other Linnean classifications. The genus name Pongo is derived from the Bantu give-and-take mpongo used to bespeak a large primate. Information technology was originally used to describe chimpanzees in Western African dialects.^[7] The species name pygmaeus is derived from the Greek discussion "pygmy" meaning dwarf.^[8]

Concrete clarification [edit]

The Bornean orangutan is the second-largest ape after the gorilla, and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling house) extant animal.^{[nine] [x]} Trunk weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller Human being sapiens, merely the latter is considerably more than variable in size.^[11] By comparing, the Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on boilerplate, is marginally lighter in weight.^{[12] [13]} A survey of wild orangutans found that males counterbalance on boilerplate 75 kg (165 lb), ranging from 50–100 kg (110–220 lb), and 1.2–i.7 yard (iii.9–5.6 ft) long; females average 38.5 kg (85 lb), ranging from thirty–50 kg (66–110 lb), and 1–1.2 m (three.3–3.9 ft) long.^{[14] [fifteen]} While in captivity, orangutans tin grow considerably overweight, upwardly to more than 165 kg (364 lb).^[sixteen] The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity was an obese male named "Andy", who weighed 204 kg (450 lb) in 1959 when he was xiii years onetime.^[17]

The Bornean orangutan has a distinctive body shape with very long arms that may reach up to 1.5 metres in length. It has grey skin, a coarse, shaggy, reddish coat^[18] and prehensile, grasping easily and anxiety.^[nineteen] Its coat does non cover its face unlike near mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including a beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known every bit flanges equally well equally a pendulous throat sac.^[20]

A male person orangutan at Moscow Zoo. The male person's face pad widens as he grows older.

Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of musculus and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are more often than not composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger canines and premolars. Males take a more than pronounced bristles and mustache. The throat sac in males is also considerably larger. There are two trunk types for sexually mature males: smaller or larger. Larger males are more dominant simply smaller males nevertheless breed successfully. There is niggling sexual dimorphism at birth.^[20]

Habitat and distribution [edit]

The Bornean orangutan lives in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest in the Bornean lowlands, besides as mountainous areas up to one,500 metres (iv,900 ft) in a higher place sea level.^[21] This species lives throughout the canopy of chief and secondary forest, and moves large distances to detect copse bearing fruit.^[21]

Information technology is found in the 2 Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and 4 of the five Indonesian Provinces of Borneo.^[one] Due to habitat destruction, the species distribution is now highly patchy throughout the island, the species has become rare in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the Rajang River in primal Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah. Its presence in Brunei is uncertain and unconfirmed.^[1]

The get-go complete orangutan skeleton that was discovered was in the Hoa Binh province in Vietnam and thought to be from the late Pleistocene epoch. It differed from modern orangutans only in that its torso was proportionately smaller compared to its caput. This fossil and others confirm that orangutans one time inhabited continental Southeast Asia fifty-fifty though currently, Bornean orangutans are but found in Malaysia and Indonesia.^[22]

Beliefs and ecology [edit]

Bornean orangutan in its nest

In history, orangutans ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, also equally on the isle of Java and in southern Sumatra. They primarily inhabit peat swamp wood, tropical heath wood, and mixed dipterocarp woods.^[2] Bornean orangutan are more than solitary than their Sumatran relatives. 2 or three orangutans with overlapping territories may interact, but simply for short periods of time.^[23] Although orangutans are not territorial, adult males will display threatening behaviors upon meeting other males, and but socialize with females to mate.^[24] Males are considered the most lonely of the orangutans. The Bornean orangutan has a lifespan of 35–45 years in the wild;^[3] in captivity it can live to be well-nigh threescore.^[25]

Despite beingness arboreal, the Bornean orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. This may exist in role because no large terrestrial predators could threaten an orangutan in Borneo. In Sumatra, orangutans must face predation past the tearing Sumatran tiger.^[26]

The Bornean orangutan exhibits nest-building behavior. Nests are built for utilise at night or during the day. Young orangutans learn by observing their mother's nest-edifice behaviour. This skill is practiced past juvenile orangutans. Nests may be elaborate and involve a foundation and mattress made by intertwining leaves and branches and adding cleaved leafy branches. Additional features such as shade, waterproof roof, "pillow", and "blanket", all of which are fabricated from branches, twigs and leaves, may likewise be added.^[27] Nest-building in primates is considered equally an example of tool use and not beast architecture.^[28]

Diet [edit]

The Bornean orangutan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild figs, durians (Durio zibethinus and D. graveolens),^[29] leaves, seeds, bird eggs, flowers, beloved, insects, and, to a bottom extent than the Sumatran orangutan, bawl.^{[2] [15]} They have also been known to eat the inner shoots of plants and vines.^[2] They get the necessary quantities of water from both fruit and from tree holes.^[21]

An orangutan peeling a banana with its mitt and pes.

Bornean orangutans take been sighted using spears to attempt (unsuccessfully) to catch fish.^[30] The species has been observed using tools such equally leaves to wipe off faeces, a pad of leaves for holding spiny durian fruit, a leafy branch for a bee swatter, a bunch of leafy branches held together as an "umbrella" while traveling in the rain, a single stick as backscratcher, and a branch or tree torso equally a missile.^[31] In some regions, orangutans occasionally eat soil to go minerals that may neutralize the toxins and acids they eat in their primarily vegetarian diets.^[2] On rare occasions, orangutans volition prey upon other, smaller primates, such every bit deadening lorises.^[2]

Reproduction [edit]

Males and females generally come together simply to mate. Subadult males (unflanged) will try to mate with any female and will be successful around half the fourth dimension.^[23] Dominant flanged males will telephone call and advertise their position to receptive females, who prefer mating with flanged males.^[23] Adult males will often target females with weaned infants every bit mating partners because the female is likely to be fertile.^[32]

Females achieve sexual maturity and feel their get-go ovulatory cycle between about six and 11 years of age, although females with more than body fatty may experience this at an earlier age.^[23] The estrous wheel lasts betwixt 22 and 30 days and menopause has been reported in captive orangutans at about age 48.^[23] Females tend to give birth at nearly xiv–15 years of historic period. Newborn orangutans nurse every iii to four hours, and begin to take soft food from their mothers' lips by four months. During the first year of its life, the young clings to its mother's belly past entwining its fingers in and gripping her fur. Offspring are weaned at about four years, but this could be much longer, and soon later they start their boyish phase of exploring, just always inside sight of their female parent.^[23] During this period, they will also actively seek other young orangutans to play with and travel with. On average, juveniles do not become completely independent until they are about seven years of age. The birth charge per unit for orangutans has been decreasing largely due to a lack of sufficient nutrients as a outcome of habitat loss.

A 2011 study on female orangutans in costless-ranging rehabilitation programs constitute that individuals that were supplemented with food resource had shorter interbirth intervals, besides as a reduced historic period, at start birth.^[33]

Conservation condition [edit]

The Bornean orangutan is more than mutual than the Sumatran, with about 104,700 individuals in the wild, whereas just nether 14,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in the wild.^{[1] [34]} Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, unremarkably entailing the killing of their mothers.^[35]

The Bornean orangutan is critically endangered^{[1] [36]} according to the IUCN Ruby Listing of mammals, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to exist less than 14% of what it was in the recent past (from around x,000 years ago until the middle of the 20th century), and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and evolution.^[one] Species distribution is at present highly patchy throughout Borneo; it is apparently absent-minded or uncommon in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest betwixt the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah (including the Sultanate of Brunei).^[1] A population of around 6,900 is establish in Sabangau National Park, but this surround is at gamble.^[37] According to an anthropologist at Harvard University, in ten to 20 years, orangutans are expected to be extinct in the wild if no serious attempt is made to overcome the threats they are facing.^[38]

This view is also supported by the United nations Surround Programme, which stated in its 2007 report that, due to illegal logging, fire and the extensive development of palm oil plantations, orangutans are critically endangered, and if the current trend continues, they volition go extinct.^[39] When forest is burned down to clear room for palm oil plantations, not simply does the Bornean orangutan endure from habitat loss, but several individuals accept been burned and killed in fires. Palm oil accounts for over ane tenth of Republic of indonesia'due south consign earnings. It is in high demand because it is used in several packaged foods, deodorants, shampoos, soaps, candies, and baked goods.^[twoscore]

Climate modify is another threat to Bornean orangutan conservation. The effects that human activity have had on Indonesian rainfall have fabricated food less abundant and and then Bornean orangutans are less likely to receive total nutrients and so that they tin be sufficiently good for you to breed.

A November 2011 survey, based on interviews with 6,983 respondents in 687 villages beyond Kalimantan in 2008 to 2009, gave estimated orangutan killing rates of betwixt 750 and 1800 in the year leading upwards to April 2008.^[41] These killing rates were higher than previously thought and ostend that the continued beingness of the orangutan in Kalimantan is under serious threat. The survey did not quantify the additional threat to the species due to habitat loss from deforestation and expanding palm-oil plantations. The survey found that 73% of respondents knew orangutans were protected by Indonesian police.^[41]

A young captive orangutan sleeping.

Nonetheless, the Indonesian regime rarely prosecutes or punishes perpetrators.^[42] In a rare prosecution in November 2011, two men were arrested for killing at to the lowest degree twenty orangutans and a number of long-nosed proboscis monkeys. They were ordered to conduct the killings by the supervisor of a palm oil plantation, to protect the ingather, with a payment of $100 for a expressionless orangutan and $22 for a monkey.^[43]

Rescue and rehabilitation centers [edit]

Bornean orangutan in the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.

A number of orangutan rescue and rehabilitation projects operate in Kalimantan.

The Kalimantan Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) founded by Dr Willie Smits has rescue and rehabilitation centres at Wanariset and Samboja Lestari in E Kalimantan and Nyaru Menteng, in Central Kalimantan founded and managed by Lone Drøscher Nielsen. BOS too works to conserve and recreate the fast-disappearing rainforest habitat of the orangutan, at Samboja Lestari and Mawas.

Orangutan Foundation International, founded by Dr Birutė Galdikas, rescues and rehabilitates orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain wood. In add-on, information technology promotes the preservation of the rain forest for them.

The Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Center near Sandakan in the state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo opened in 1964 as the commencement official orangutan rehabilitation project.^[44]

Orangutan Foundation, founded by Ashley Leiman, operates programmes in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. The Foundation rescues orphaned orangutans and enters them into their soft-release programme, allowing them to develop the skills necessary to survive in the wild. When old enough, orangutans are released into the protected Lamandau Biological reserve. Orangutan Foundation works to protect orangutans by focusing on habitat protection and capacity building, especially in local communities.^[45]

A seven-year longitudinal study published in 2011 looked at whether the lifespan of zoo-housed orangutans was related to a subjective cess of well-existence, with the intent of applying such measures to assess the welfare of orangutans in captivity. Of the subjects, 100 were Sumatran (Pongo abelii), 54 Bornean (Pongo pygmaeus) and 30 were hybrid orangutans. 113 zoo employees, who were highly familiar with the typical behavior of the orangutans, used a iv-particular questionnaire to assess their subjective well-beingness. The results indicated that orangutans in higher subjective well-being were less likely to dice during the follow-up menstruation. The study ended that happiness was related to longer life in orangutans.^[46]

In late 2014, Nyaru Menteng veterinarians failed to rescue the life of a female orangutan. An operation was performed in which 40 air-rifle pellets were removed from her body. The orangutan was institute at a palm oil plantation in Indonesian Borneo.^[47]

Genome and Demographic History [edit]

Genomic information

NCBI genome ID	10714

Orangutans and humans diverged lineages approximately 14-eighteen 1000000 years agone. Nearly 17,000 years ago, there was a migration of the Bornean orangutans as they eventually went to Sumatra, effectively trading places with the Sumatra orangutans that were there at the time. These ii species of orangutans have been closely related throughout their evolutionary history due to the fact that they were and so close in physical proximity. Therefore, their genomes and demographic history are similar. The two species themselves are estimated to have split up about 3.5 million years ago.^[48] Although these two species have officially diverged, it is speculated that the reason as to why they are genetically like is considering the males of each respective species tend to migrate between the two islands and breed with the females from their sister species. As a result, both the Bornean orangutans and the Sumatran orangutans have been studied closely every bit a pair, and thus much genome findings attribute evolutionary changes to this relationship. In addition, the Bornean orangutans, every bit compared to the Sumatran orangutans, accept lower autosomal cistron multifariousness. This is attributed to the fact that they accept a much smaller population size. Also, the Bornean orangutans accept lower nucleotide variety.^[49]

Every bit the Bornean orangutans and Sumatra orangutans both exist within the aforementioned species, they showroom similar cultural behaviors that have been found to exist amid nearly orangutan populations. The fact that orangutans tend to showcase like cultural traditions is due to the fact that they typically alive in similar environments and are skillful at learning from one another from their early on stages of life.^[l]

The Bornean orangutan has been linked to the fact that it has gone through a deep deviation in relation to its relatives and ancestors.^[51] During the Center Pleistocene, there were low levels of gene flow, which was determined through the assay of Y-chromosomal data. 1 reason as to why this may have occurred is because of the Sunda shelf, which is where the isle of Borneo is located.^[48] During this time, this issue'due south dry climate during the Late Pleistocene attributed to a more abundant genetic exchange. Equally a issue, at that place were many early divergences of gene pools between the Bornean orangutans, every bit well as the Sumatran orangutans. Relating dorsum to the Middle Pleistocene, the Bornean orangutan lineage went through a dramatic population decline. This is probable attributed to the fact that they had been isolated from their ancestral populations.^[49] Therefore, natural geographic barriers are attributed to exist the reason equally to why the Bornean orangutans were eventually isolated and concluded upwardly colonizing other regions. In addition, this geographic isolation also indicates that the Bornean orangutans did non undergo a severe genetic clogging.^[51] With the Borneo orangutan, option was found to take been found through physiological adaptations – most of which has to do with being able to adjust to the always-irresolute climate on the Borneo island.^[48]

See also [edit]

• Deforestation in Borneo
• Social and ecology affect of palm oil

References [edit]

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Bornean orangutan" nether the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike three.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

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Farther reading [edit]

Russon, Anne E.; Compost, Alain; Kuncoro, Purwo; Ferisa, Agnes (December 2014). "Orangutan fish eating, primate aquatic fauna eating, and their implications for the origins of ancestral hominin fish eating". Journal of Human being Evolution. 77: l–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007. PMID 25038033.

External links [edit]

• Bornean orangutan media from ARKive
• The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS)
• Save The Orangutan Foundation
• World Wildlife Fund: Orangutans
• Orangutan Foundation International
• Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutan

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